I'm trying to analyze the performance of specific keywords and their positioning over time.

I'm not sure I understand your question, because this is very easy to do. Simply click on a specific keyword in the list, then choose the info you want to see, such as country, date range, clicks, impressions, avg. position, etc.

I want to filter the Impressions line in the Performance on Search Results chart by ranking positions, such as top 10, top 5, or top 3.

Clicking on a specific keyword in the list and then choosing country, date range, clicks, impressions, or avg. position does not accomplish this.

From your original post:

I'm trying to analyze the performance of specific keywords and their positioning over time.

Do the individual keywords as I described in my first post, then combine the results for various combinations of these keywords. You can get the top 5 etc from the list of all keywords that produced impressions during the selected time period.

As of my last knowledge update in January 2023, Google Search Console provides a variety of performance reports, but filtering impressions directly by ranking in the chart is not a native feature. However, you can indirectly analyze performance based on ranking by using other available features and metrics. Here's a step-by-step guide:

Access Google Search Console:

Log in to your Google Search Console account at [search.google.com...]
Select the Property:

Choose the property (website) for which you want to analyze performance.
Navigate to the Performance Report:

In the left-hand menu, click on "Performance."
Set Date Range:

Adjust the date range to the period you want to analyze. You can choose a predefined range or set a custom date range.
View Total Impressions:

The default view will show you total impressions, clicks, average CTR, and average position for the selected date range.
Analyze Average Position:

Look at the "Average Position" metric to understand the average ranking of your pages during the selected period. This can give you an idea of your site's performance in search results.
Filter by Queries or Pages:

Scroll down to see a list of queries or pages that received impressions. You can click on specific queries or pages to get more detailed information.
Export Data:

If you want to perform a more in-depth analysis, consider exporting the data. Click on the "Export" button to download the data in a CSV file, which you can then manipulate in a spreadsheet program.
Use Third-Party Tools:

Consider using third-party SEO tools that might offer more advanced features for analyzing search performance, including the ability to filter impressions by ranking. Tools like SEMrush, Ahrefs, or Moz can provide additional insights.
Remember that Google's Search Console features are regularly updated, and new functionalities may be introduced over time. Always check for the latest information and updates from Google or refer to the official documentation for any changes to the Google Search Console interface or features.